Vina Subbasin Demand Reduction Strategies · Results Explorer ← Back to results summary
Scenarios & Costs

Explore the EOR economic analysis

Compare per-acre water savings and incentive costs across seven land-management options for the extended replant period, and model what subbasin-scale outcomes would look like under a hypothetical EOR program. All values come directly from the ERA Economics analysis (April 2026).

Trade-off: per-acre cost vs. per-acre water savings

Each point shows one practice for one crop. The vertical axis is the water saved on each acre of extended replant (in acre-feet per acre). The horizontal axis is the per-acre incentive payment that ERA Economics estimated would compensate a grower for one year of delayed replanting under that practice. Upper-left is the sweet spot — high water savings at low per-acre cost.

Source: ERA Economics, Vina Subbasin Economic Analysis for Extended Orchard Replacement Program (April 2026), Tables 2, 3, 6, 7. Values shown are for a 1-year delay in replanting. Walnut scenarios assume walnuts are removed and almonds are replanted, reflecting current walnut market conditions.

How to read this chart

Up and to the left = better. A point near the top of the chart saves more water per acre. A point on the left side costs less per acre to incentivize.

Winter wheat for grain stands out as low-cost / high-savings — harvest revenue offsets much of the grower's opportunity cost. Processing tomatoes sit at the far left because cash crop revenue substantially reduces the required incentive, but they also save the least water. Cover crops and idle ground cluster in the upper-right: highest savings, highest cost.

The per-acre numbers shown here are the minimum incentive (the grower's willingness-to-accept). A real EOR program would likely need to pay a premium above this floor to drive substantial enrollment.

Run a subbasin-scale scenario

Apply per-acre figures to a hypothetical EOR program. Set the annual orchard removal acreage, an enrollment rate, and a primary practice. The results show what that year's program would cost and how much groundwater it would save.

Walnut analysis assumes replanting to almonds, reflecting current market conditions.
What the ground is held in during the extra year between orchards.
2023–2025 actuals ranged from 36 ac (walnuts, 2024) to 2,826 ac (almonds, 2023).
1,000 ac
Share of removed acres voluntarily enrolling in EOR.
50%
Annual water savings
— AF/yr
water consumed-use reduction at full participation
Annual incentive cost
$—
minimum payment to compensate growers (1-year delay)
Unit cost
$— per acre-foot saved
Enrolled acres
— ac
Toward the 10,000 AF/yr deficit
—%
How to interpret. These are minimum willingness-to-accept incentives — a working EOR program would likely add a premium to drive enrollment. Numbers shown are for a single 1-year delay; a 2- or 3-year delay multiplies savings and costs roughly linearly. Outcomes for cash crop scenarios (tomatoes, dry beans) are highly sensitive to commodity prices, contract terms, and irrigation requirements; the values shown reflect ERA Economics' baseline assumptions and should be updated annually.
Sources for the per-acre figures
  • ERA Economics, Vina Subbasin Economic Analysis for Extended Orchard Replacement Program, April 2026 — Table 2 (almond incentive payments), Table 3 (walnut-to-almond incentive payments), Table 6 (almond ET savings), Table 7 (walnut ET savings).
  • Land IQ, Vina Subbasin GSAs Demand Reduction Strategies: Extend Orchard Replacement Pilot Study Final Report, March 2026 — Table 3 (water savings and economic cost by year of removal).
  • Subbasin overdraft estimate of 10,000 acre-feet per year is from the Vina Subbasin Groundwater Sustainability Plan (DWR-approved July 2023).